I've chosen to use this painting as an example as I believe it shows the general elaborate design style of the time period very well. The depiction of a Victorian room demonstrates the cluttered 'look' and lush nature of design in Victorian times.
Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk.jpg
Artist: Henry Treffry Dunn: "Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk." [link to source] (1882)
2) Arts and Craft Movement
From 1860-1910. (aka: Mission Style)
"...Traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration [...] said to be essentially anti-industrial," (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement)
This art movement is largely believed to have been inspired by the social and political beliefs of the time. It contrasted with the Victorian style. Artists of this movement were commended for good craftsmanship, and the movement favoured the belief that society should take pride in individual hand-crafted works as opposed to machine, mass-made artefacts.
"Medieval Guilds provided a model for the ideal craft production system. Aesthetic ideas were also borrowed from Medieval European and Islamic sources. Japanese ideas were also incorporated early Arts and Crafts forms."
(Reference: http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artcraft/artcraft.htm) Artist: Owen Jones (London, 1856).
[link to source]
3) Art Noveau
Around the same period as the Arts and Craft movement. (1860-1910)
This art movement existed alongside (2), however it was not as political/social. It was less concerned with the value of individual artists, and more in keeping with the aesthetics of the Victorian era (clutter, elaborate). This movement also can be connected with an inspiration from Japanese artworks.
"Originating in Belgium and France, this movement advocated nature as the true source of all good design."
(Reference: http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artcraft/artcraft.htm)
(excuse the heinous size of this, wikispaces doesn't like to let me resize images without warping them) Artist: Alfons Mucha: "Gismonda" [link to source] (1894).
4) Vienna Secession
"Also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists."
The group promoted the idea of exhibitions, and had a building named after the movement: "Above its entrance was placed the phrase "Der Zeit ihre Kunst. Der Kunst ihre Freiheit." ("To every age its art. To art its freedom.")"
Artists of the movement defined themselves by their belief in freedom to create without the limitations of academia.
An example of a prominent artist regarded as a founder of the Vienna Secession movement is Gustav Klimt. Artist: Gustav Klimt: "Stoclet Frieze"
[link to source] (1911)
Apparently this artwork is about the cycle of life, a reflection of the ideas of Freud around the time.
Artist: Gustav Klimt: "Adele Bloch-Bauer" [link to source] (1907)
^ (The play I did for Shakespeare last year, "The Winter's Tale", had a design style inspired by Klimt).
5) Cubist "
In Paris, the Cubist art movement was from 1910-1920.
The movement is believed to have begun in 1907.
The exact time period of cubism is difficult to pinpoint, as it had many sub-phases of its own. "Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century."
This style of design encompasses artwork that visualises objects from numerous angles all in the one piece. Cubism artworks are abstract in style. A prominent artist from the movement is Picasso: "By 1911 Picasso was recognized as the inventor of Cubism".
This movement began in Italy. The time period is generally early 20th Century, as is Cubism. The name comes from the movement's focus on images from the future, such as technology and mechanical objects. These ideas are visualised in the below painting of a bicycle.
This movement was not limited to art - theatre, food, film and fashion can also be linked to the futurism movement. Artist: Natalia Goncharova: "The Cyclist", (1913) [link to source].
7) Surrealist
Surrealism started in the 1920s. The movement detailed artworks that blurred the lines between fiction and non-fiction, or 'dreams' and 'reality', in lifelike images.
"Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself". Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism
The movement was mostly based around Paris. World War I is believed to have influenced the philosophies behind the movement.
Books, films, theatre and music can also come under "surrealism" in style.
A recognisable artist from the period is the surrealist Salvador Dali.
Art: Salvador Dali: "The Great Masturbator" [link to source] (1929)
Artist: Salvador Dali: "Three Sphinxes of Bikini" [link to source] (1947)
8) Dadaism
This art movement had political influences, "Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. [...] "Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, a prelude to postmodernism, an influence on pop art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the movement that lay the foundation for Surrealism". Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadism
The style of the visual artworks that came from this movement were typically not the traditional paint and pen; rather, collages and montages of images were cut and pasted to create an artwork.
Dadism originated in the early 20th Century.
Art: Hannah Hoch: " Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany" [link to source], (1919). 9) Poster Style [Plakatstil]
This movement originated in Germany in the early 1900s, and is also known as "plakatsil", which translates to mean "poster style".The visual art featured unusual colour combinations (reminiscent of Art Noveau), bold/flat text, a plain background and a detailed subject. Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakatstil Left: Lucian Bernhard, "Manoli", [link to source] (1910-11) & Right: Hans Rudi Erdt, "Manoli" [link to source] (1911)
10) Art DecoThis art movement began in the 1920s and was most prolific in the '30s-'40s."An eclectic style that combines traditional craftmotifs with Machine Age imagery and materials."Art Deco features luxurious colours, bold shapes that usually are symmetrical (as to the machine-made quality) and extravagant embellishments. The style is described as modernist,The movement is said to have represented the people's faith in technological advances.Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco Art: Tamara de Lempicka, "The Musician", [link to source], (1929).
11) Russian Suprematism and Constructivism Russian Suprematism is an art movement that features block objects or shapes, depicted with a limited colour palette in a simplistic manner.It was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia, in 1915."Kazimir Malevich founded a painting style of basic forms and pure color that he called Suprematism, which is a style of abstraction that was new and totally nonobjective."Reference: http://havingalookathistoryofgraphicdesign.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/russian-suprematism-and-constructivism.html "Suprematism envisions man - the artist - as both originator and transmitter of what for Malevich is the world's only true reality - that of absolute non-objectivity."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism Left: Kasimir Malevich, "Suprematist Composition", [link to source] (1915). Right Kasimir Malevich, "Black Circle" [link to source] (1915). Constructivism is an opposing movement to that of Suprematism: "Suprematism, in sharp contrast to Constructivism, embodies a profoundly anti-materialist, anti-utilitarian philosophy."Constructivism began also in Russia in 1919, and is described as being a movement that was "a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. [...] influencing major trends such as Bauhaus and the De Stijl movement." This movement was not just artistic - theatre, architecture, film and literature can also come under the "Constructivism" banner. Like Dadaism, Constructivism featured photomontages, however Constructivism montages are considered to have been "less destructive".Constructivism is linked to consumerism, as constructivist posters were designed with the intention to catch attention to sell a product (or even a political idea)."Designed eye-catching images featuring bright colours, geometric shapes, and bold lettering. The lettering of most of these designs was intended to create a reaction, and function emotionally".Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)
Left: Gustav Klutsis, "Everyone Must Vote In The Election of Soviets" poster series, (1913) Right: Gustav Klutsis, "Building Socialism Under the Banner of Lenin" poster, (1931)
[link to source of both posters]
12) De Stijl
De Stijl is a Dutch phrase, translating to "the Style". This movement is also known as neoplasticism.This Dutch movement spanned from 1917-1931. The style of the movement exemplified the use of only primary colours (along with white and black), a stripped-back attitude towards shape and form and straight lines/rectangles."Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_stijl < Architecture:Red and Blue Chairdesigned by Gerrit Rietveld (1917) < Art: Piet Mondrian, "Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red" (1937-42) [link to source [link to source for both images] Interestingly, the above art image is still influential today - I recognised how it probably inspired the image in the cover of the single "Straight Lines" by Silverchair: [link to source] 13) Bauhaus Bauhaus was actually a German artistic school which ran from 1919-1933.The work that came from the school is simply known as "Bauhaus"."Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design."The artistic movement influenced architecture and typographical design as well as visual arts."One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology. The machine was considered a positive element, and therefore industrial and product design were important components." Unfortunately these images are not uploading properly (as they link to dead links on flickr), but great artistic examples of the Bauhaus style can be found here: http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/08/02/bauhaus-ninety-years-of-inspiration/ 14) FunctionalismFunctionalism is more so an architectural and design movement, as opposed to a strictly artistic one."The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building." The three Vitruvian principles are supposedly united in Functionalist design: "'utilitas' (variously translated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility') stands alongside 'venustas' (beauty) and 'firmitas' (firmness)".
This movement developed in the early 20th Century.
^ Architecture:Architect Louis I. Kahn, The Functionalist Yale Center for British Art in in New Haven, Connecticut.
[link to source] 15) The New TypographyThe New Typography movement originated in the 1920s and 1930s. Designer Jan Tschichold's book "Die Neue Typographie" (1928) was monumental in the widespread popularity of this movement. Reference: http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/exhibitions/1015"Rejecting traditional arrangement of type in symmetrical columns, modernist designers organized the printed page or poster as a blank field in which blocks of type and illustration (frequently photomontage) could be arranged in harmonious, strikingly asymmetrical compositions." Art: Jan Tschichold, "Die Frau ohne Namen" [link to source] (1927) 16) International Typographic Style
The International Typographic Style is also known as "Swiss Style". It began in Switzerland in the 1950s.It was a modernist stylistic movement.This movement primarily influenced typography (as goes the name) in its clean, straight font design. "Hallmarks of the style are asymmetric layouts, use of a grid, sans-serif typefaces like Akzidenz Grotesk, and flush left, ragged right text." "Many of the early International Typographic Style works featured typography as a primary design element in addition to its use in text, and it is for this that the style is named."The popular font Helvetica can be traced back to this movement. Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Typographic_Style ^ Typeface: Akzidenz Grotesk designed in 1896 for the H. Berthold AG type foundry. [link to source] 17) New York SchoolThe New York School was not just an artistic movement: "(synonymous with abstract expressionist painting) - an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School Abstract Expressionism is also known as "AbEx"."Also referred to as Gestural Abstraction,because its brush stokes revealed the artist's process. This process is the subject of the art itself. As Harold Rosenberg explained: the work of art becomes an "event." [...] Although at first glance it seems that your Kindergartner can do it, trust me: these artists cultivate the interplay of skill and unplanned occurrences to determine the painting's final outcome."Reference: http://arthistory.about.com/od/modernarthistory/a/abstract_expressionism_10one.htm < Art: Jackson Pollock, "No 5" [link to source] (1948)
18) Pop ArtThe Pop Art movement began mid-1950s (Britain) & late 1950s (US)."Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc. In Pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material."Pop Art style usually includes elements from popular culture, such as advertising, comics and objects in everyday life."Due to its utilization of found objects and images it is similar to Dada." Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_artA prominent artist involved in this movement is of course Andy Warhol. Left: Richard Hamilton, "Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?" (1956). Right: Andy Warhol, "Campbell's Tomato Juice box", (1964). [link to source for both artworks] 19) Swiss SchoolThe Swiss School art movement is also known as the International Typographic Style, or Swiss Style, and is covered in (16).
20) Post-modern art Post-modernism itself is movement in history that affected more than just the visual arts. Every form of expression imaginable (be that literature, film, theatre, philosophy) can have postmodern attributes.
"Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art,Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern." The mixed media art forms described above incorporate many different mediums in the piece as a whole. I can't describe the movement in my own words better than good ol' Wikipedia, so here is their definition of postmodern art:"There are several characteristics which lend art to being postmodern; these include bricolage, the use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low art and popular culture". Most art formed after the 1950s is called contemporary art. Since not every artistic piece since the 50's is postmodern, the postmodern art movement is a specific style. So what is it that sets postmodernism apart?As previously stated, the term 'postmodern' generally means a contradiction of, or departure from, the tendencies of modernist art: "Specific trends of modernism that are generally cited are formal purity, medium specificity, art for art's sake,authenticity, universality, originality and revolutionary or reactionary tendency, i.e. the avant-garde. However, paradox is probably the most important modernist idea against which postmodernism reacts".
Performance art and installation art are two forms of postmodern design.
^ Art: Lawrence Weiner, "Bits and pieces put together to present a semblance of a whole", [link to source], (2005)
Thank you for reading, I hope you found this insightful in some way or another.
Also, sorry for the late submission!
Way late...but very well researched and presented. Some of your examples simple came from the art world...would have been more beneficial to have used design/craft examples...lateness! C+ Amy Murray 31512467
Design Essay - Assignment One
Question One: Define the following design styles and periods.
1) Victorian
The Victorian era was from 1837-1901.
Victorian design styles (http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/) typically feature influences from Medieval/Gothic design. Furniture and decorative designs were elaborate, lush and "cluttered". A breakdown of the themes of many of the artworks can be found here: http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/subjects/index.html
See this link for visual examples of the style of art from the era: http://facstaff.uww.edu/carlberj/vicart.htm
I've chosen to use this painting as an example as I believe it shows the general elaborate design style of the time period very well. The depiction of a Victorian room demonstrates the cluttered 'look' and lush nature of design in Victorian times.
Artist: Henry Treffry Dunn: "Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk." [link to source] (1882)
2) Arts and Craft Movement
From 1860-1910. (aka: Mission Style)
"...Traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration [...] said to be essentially anti-industrial," (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement)
This art movement is largely believed to have been inspired by the social and political beliefs of the time. It contrasted with the Victorian style. Artists of this movement were commended for good craftsmanship, and the movement favoured the belief that society should take pride in individual hand-crafted works as opposed to machine, mass-made artefacts.
"Medieval Guilds provided a model for the ideal craft production system. Aesthetic ideas were also borrowed from Medieval European and Islamic sources. Japanese ideas were also incorporated early Arts and Crafts forms."
(Reference: http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artcraft/artcraft.htm)
[link to source]
3) Art Noveau
Around the same period as the Arts and Craft movement. (1860-1910)
This art movement existed alongside (2), however it was not as political/social. It was less concerned with the value of individual artists, and more in keeping with the aesthetics of the Victorian era (clutter, elaborate). This movement also can be connected with an inspiration from Japanese artworks.
"Originating in Belgium and France, this movement advocated nature as the true source of all good design."
(Reference: http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artcraft/artcraft.htm)
Artist: Alfons Mucha: "Gismonda" [link to source] (1894).
4) Vienna Secession
"Also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists."
The group promoted the idea of exhibitions, and had a building named after the movement: "Above its entrance was placed the phrase "Der Zeit ihre Kunst. Der Kunst ihre Freiheit." ("To every age its art. To art its freedom.")"
Artists of the movement defined themselves by their belief in freedom to create without the limitations of academia.
Reference: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession).
An example of a prominent artist regarded as a founder of the Vienna Secession movement is Gustav Klimt.
Artist: Gustav Klimt: "Stoclet Frieze"
[link to source] (1911)
Apparently this artwork is about the cycle of life, a reflection of the ideas of Freud around the time.
Artist: Gustav Klimt: "Adele Bloch-Bauer" [link to source] (1907)
^ (The play I did for Shakespeare last year, "The Winter's Tale", had a design style inspired by Klimt).
5) Cubist
"
In Paris, the Cubist art movement was from 1910-1920.
The movement is believed to have begun in 1907.
The exact time period of cubism is difficult to pinpoint, as it had many sub-phases of its own.
"Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century."
This style of design encompasses artwork that visualises objects from numerous angles all in the one piece. Cubism artworks are abstract in style.
A prominent artist from the movement is Picasso: "By 1911 Picasso was recognized as the inventor of Cubism".
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism
Artist: Pablo Picasso: "Three Musicians". [link to source] (1921)
This artwork is from the Synthetic period of the Cubism movement.
6) Futurist
This movement began in Italy. The time period is generally early 20th Century, as is Cubism.
The name comes from the movement's focus on images from the future, such as technology and mechanical objects.
These ideas are visualised in the below painting of a bicycle.
This movement was not limited to art - theatre, food, film and fashion can also be linked to the futurism movement.
Artist: Natalia Goncharova: "The Cyclist", (1913) [link to source].
7) Surrealist
Surrealism started in the 1920s. The movement detailed artworks that blurred the lines between fiction and non-fiction, or 'dreams' and 'reality', in lifelike images.
"Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself".
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism
The movement was mostly based around Paris. World War I is believed to have influenced the philosophies behind the movement.
Books, films, theatre and music can also come under "surrealism" in style.
A recognisable artist from the period is the surrealist Salvador Dali.
Art: Salvador Dali: "The Great Masturbator" [link to source] (1929)
Artist: Salvador Dali: "Three Sphinxes of Bikini" [link to source] (1947)
8) Dadaism
This art movement had political influences, "Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. [...]
"Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, a prelude to postmodernism, an influence on pop art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the movement that lay the foundation for Surrealism". Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadism
The style of the visual artworks that came from this movement were typically not the traditional paint and pen; rather, collages and montages of images were cut and pasted to create an artwork.
Dadism originated in the early 20th Century.
Art: Hannah Hoch: "
Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany" [link to source], (1919).
9) Poster Style [Plakatstil]
This movement originated in Germany in the early 1900s, and is also known as "plakatsil", which translates to mean "poster style".The visual art featured unusual colour combinations (reminiscent of Art Noveau), bold/flat text, a plain background and a detailed subject.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakatstil
Left: Lucian Bernhard, "Manoli", [link to source] (1910-11) & Right: Hans Rudi Erdt, "Manoli" [link to source] (1911)
10) Art DecoThis art movement began in the 1920s and was most prolific in the '30s-'40s."An eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials."Art Deco features luxurious colours, bold shapes that usually are symmetrical (as to the machine-made quality) and extravagant embellishments. The style is described as modernist,The movement is said to have represented the people's faith in technological advances.Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco
11) Russian Suprematism and Constructivism
Russian Suprematism is an art movement that features block objects or shapes, depicted with a limited colour palette in a simplistic manner.It was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia, in 1915."Kazimir Malevich founded a painting style of basic forms and pure color that he called Suprematism, which is a style of abstraction that was new and totally nonobjective."Reference: http://havingalookathistoryofgraphicdesign.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/russian-suprematism-and-constructivism.html
"Suprematism envisions man - the artist - as both originator and transmitter of what for Malevich is the world's only true reality - that of absolute non-objectivity."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism
Left: Kasimir Malevich, "Suprematist Composition", [link to source] (1915).
Right Kasimir Malevich, "Black Circle" [link to source] (1915).
Constructivism is an opposing movement to that of Suprematism: "Suprematism, in sharp contrast to Constructivism, embodies a profoundly anti-materialist, anti-utilitarian philosophy."Constructivism began also in Russia in 1919, and is described as being a movement that was "a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. [...] influencing major trends such as Bauhaus and the De Stijl movement."
This movement was not just artistic - theatre, architecture, film and literature can also come under the "Constructivism" banner.
Like Dadaism, Constructivism featured photomontages, however Constructivism montages are considered to have been "less destructive".Constructivism is linked to consumerism, as constructivist posters were designed with the intention to catch attention to sell a product (or even a political idea)."Designed eye-catching images featuring bright colours, geometric shapes, and bold lettering. The lettering of most of these designs was intended to create a reaction, and function emotionally".Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)
Left: Gustav Klutsis, "Everyone Must Vote In The Election of Soviets" poster series, (1913)
Right: Gustav Klutsis, "Building Socialism Under the Banner of Lenin" poster, (1931)
[link to source of both posters]
12) De Stijl
De Stijl is a Dutch phrase, translating to "the Style". This movement is also known as neoplasticism.This Dutch movement spanned from 1917-1931.
The style of the movement exemplified the use of only primary colours (along with white and black), a stripped-back attitude towards shape and form and straight lines/rectangles."Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_stijl
[link to source [link to source for both images]
Interestingly, the above art image is still influential today - I recognised how it probably inspired the image in the cover of the single "Straight Lines" by Silverchair:
13) Bauhaus
Bauhaus was actually a German artistic school which ran from 1919-1933.The work that came from the school is simply known as "Bauhaus"."Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design."The artistic movement influenced architecture and typographical design as well as visual arts."One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology. The machine was considered a positive element, and therefore industrial and product design were important components."
Unfortunately these images are not uploading properly (as they link to dead links on flickr), but great artistic examples of the Bauhaus style can be found here: http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/08/02/bauhaus-ninety-years-of-inspiration/
14) FunctionalismFunctionalism is more so an architectural and design movement, as opposed to a strictly artistic one."The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building."
The three Vitruvian principles are supposedly united in Functionalist design:
"'utilitas' (variously translated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility') stands alongside 'venustas' (beauty) and 'firmitas' (firmness)".
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)
This movement developed in the early 20th Century.
^ Architecture: Architect Louis I. Kahn, The Functionalist Yale Center for British Art in in New Haven, Connecticut.
[link to source]
15) The New TypographyThe New Typography movement originated in the 1920s and 1930s. Designer Jan Tschichold's book "Die Neue Typographie" (1928) was monumental in the widespread popularity of this movement. Reference: http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/exhibitions/1015"Rejecting traditional arrangement of type in symmetrical columns, modernist designers organized the printed page or poster as a blank field in which blocks of type and illustration (frequently photomontage) could be arranged in harmonious, strikingly asymmetrical compositions."
16) International Typographic Style
The International Typographic Style is also known as "Swiss Style". It began in Switzerland in the 1950s.It was a modernist stylistic movement.This movement primarily influenced typography (as goes the name) in its clean, straight font design. "Hallmarks of the style are asymmetric layouts, use of a grid, sans-serif typefaces like Akzidenz Grotesk, and flush left, ragged right text."
"Many of the early International Typographic Style works featured typography as a primary design element in addition to its use in text, and it is for this that the style is named."The popular font Helvetica can be traced back to this movement.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Typographic_Style
^ Typeface: Akzidenz Grotesk designed in 1896 for the H. Berthold AG type foundry. [link to source]
17) New York SchoolThe New York School was not just an artistic movement: "(synonymous with abstract expressionist painting) - an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City."Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School
Abstract Expressionism is also known as "AbEx"."Also referred to as Gestural Abstraction,because its brush stokes revealed the artist's process. This process is the subject of the art itself. As Harold Rosenberg explained: the work of art becomes an "event." [...] Although at first glance it seems that your Kindergartner can do it, trust me: these artists cultivate the interplay of skill and unplanned occurrences to determine the painting's final outcome."Reference: http://arthistory.about.com/od/modernarthistory/a/abstract_expressionism_10one.htm
18) Pop ArtThe Pop Art movement began mid-1950s (Britain) & late 1950s (US)."Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc. In Pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material."Pop Art style usually includes elements from popular culture, such as advertising, comics and objects in everyday life."Due to its utilization of found objects and images it is similar to Dada."
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_artA prominent artist involved in this movement is of course Andy Warhol.
Left: Richard Hamilton, "Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?" (1956).
Right: Andy Warhol, "Campbell's Tomato Juice box", (1964).
[link to source for both artworks]
19) Swiss SchoolThe Swiss School art movement is also known as the International Typographic Style, or Swiss Style, and is covered in (16).
20) Post-modern art Post-modernism itself is movement in history that affected more than just the visual arts. Every form of expression imaginable (be that literature, film, theatre, philosophy) can have postmodern attributes.
"Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art,Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern."
The mixed media art forms described above incorporate many different mediums in the piece as a whole.
I can't describe the movement in my own words better than good ol' Wikipedia, so here is their definition of postmodern art:"There are several characteristics which lend art to being postmodern; these include bricolage, the use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low art and popular culture".
Most art formed after the 1950s is called contemporary art. Since not every artistic piece since the 50's is postmodern, the postmodern art movement is a specific style.
So what is it that sets postmodernism apart?As previously stated, the term 'postmodern' generally means a contradiction of, or departure from, the tendencies of modernist art:
"Specific trends of modernism that are generally cited are formal purity, medium specificity, art for art's sake,authenticity, universality, originality and revolutionary or reactionary tendency, i.e. the avant-garde. However, paradox is probably the most important modernist idea against which postmodernism reacts".
Performance art and installation art are two forms of postmodern design.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_art
^ Art: Lawrence Weiner, "Bits and pieces put together to present a semblance of a whole", [link to source], (2005)
Thank you for reading, I hope you found this insightful in some way or another.
Also, sorry for the late submission!
Way late...but very well researched and presented. Some of your examples simple came from the art world...would have been more beneficial to have used design/craft examples...lateness! C+
Amy Murray
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